clever_name on "Most recent post home page and only excerpts w/thumb on category / archive"

Hello :)

I have been researching the forums on how to achieve this but haven't found one addressing my exact situation (or maybe I'm having trouble implementing it).

I am using the Twenty Sixteen theme and my child theme is named The Daily Dose Child.
Here is the site:
http://dailydose.rankubator.com/

Thank you for any help, I've been working on this for weeks and am coming here in hopes that someone can point me in the right direction.

What I want to do:

Home Page

Display only the most recent post - full post

( I can achieve this by selecting "your latest posts" under "Front page displays" then ensuring "Blog pages show at most" 1 posts. )

The problem with this is that when I go to a category page or an archive page, it also displays only one post with the full post displayed and not the excerpts in a list format.

Category / Archive Pages

When a user clicks on a category such as "football" I want a page to retu a list of all of the posts in that category but only the excerpt with a thumbnail, not the entire post. I would like to do the same exact thing for the archive links as well.

( I have read that you can change a line of code from the_content to the_excerpt but I do not know which file to look for or how to change in the twenty sixteen theme.)

The solutions I find are mainly, copy the content of one template file, paste into another then update your customizer settings to show "summary" vs "full text". This solution hasn't helped me as it will change this for ALL the pages/posts. I want to keep the main page with just the most recent post, then have excerpts with thumbs as the results for any category or archive selection.

Thank you :)